Antarctica is the fifth largest continent on Earth, with more surface area than both Europe and Australia. It is also the coldest place; it was here that lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was measured: -90ºC (-130ºF). 90% of all ice on our planet is located on Antarctica, where the average thickness is over 2200 meters! Antarctica was discovered in 1820, but it wasn't until 1897 that the first expedition reached the continent. Today parts of Antarctica are claimed by several countries. In 2012 there were over 60 permanent research stations at the South Pole, the majority of them run by Argentina and Russia. Most of these research stations are located on the outskirts of the continent surrounded by ocean. Only a few plants grow here, though the continent is rich in wildlife, including penguins, whales and seals. Harry Richards was inspired to write the composition after he visited the South Pole. He says he will never forget the serenity, the amazing darkness at night, and the breathtaking landscapes.